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Presenters, in the broadest sense, are the persons
who deliver the messages in ads: actors, models, or announcers who
do the voice-overs, people who give testimonials, celebrities who
do endorsements, and even fictional and cartoon characters.
Advertisers do not expect audiences to make
rational, or even conscious, decisions to run out and buy something
because their heroes endorse it.
Endorsements are simply another use of the association
technique, transferring emotional feelings by linking
the product with someone we already like.
Two basic kinds of presenters are authority
figures and friend figures.
Authority figures
are those presenters we trust or like because they suggest the
good aspects of the nurturing parent: the idealized protection,
care, wisdom, and guidance of good old Mom and Dad -- expert, trustworthy,
and on our side.
Friend figures
are those presenters we trust or like because they suggest people
we would like to be, or be with, or
be liked by.
These friends we empathize with can range from "plain
folks" (such as happy kids playing in toy ads; "cool"
kids wearing the right clothes; "the guys" having fun
in beer ads; suburban neighbors) to the idealized "beautiful
people" of our wish-fulfillment dreams (success, elite
status, luxury homes, elegant clothes, fancy cars, jet set).
Friendly fictional and cartoon characters are usually
cute, likable or lovable, like a pet. (Snoopy, Ronald
McDonald)
Sports heroes, fashion models, and movie stars
all can get rented for being presenters.
TV newscasters and radio DJs are other presenters
concerned with their image, with being well-liked, and with being
our "favorites." When we tune in, their ratings (and profits
and salaries) go up.
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Persuasion is audience-centered
and the presenters are always chosen with the audience in mind.
Exposition is usually topic-centered
and the authorities cited are determined by the topic, often unknown
to the audience.
Nevertheless, just as advertisers take care in selecting presenters
in order to add favorable associations, so also, sometimes expository
writers can benefit by their selection of the authorities they
cite, refer to, or quote.
In exposition, it's not whether the audience already
likes, but already knows and respects, the authority cited.
Thus, know who is already esteemed by your audience.
For example, in a trade journal, professional journal, law or
medical review, it would not be appropriate to cite popular magazines.
(Don't quote the National Inquirer or Readers' Digest
for your medical reports!)
Know also that, within any field, there's a pecking
order, that some authorities and journals are more esteemed. (How
do you know which ones? Keep asking people in the discipline or
librarians.)
Name-dropping is as common in writing as
it is in conversation, and some people do it better than others.
In writing, avoid pedantic decorations (authorities cited, footnotes
used, bibliographies padded) simply for display.
Don't overcite authorities. Don't try to impress a reader, or
overwhelm an opponent, simply by gathering as many authorities
as possible. For example, some amateurish religious tracts cite
biblical "chapter and verse" for every other word, a
display of pseudo-scholarship producing a surface illusion of
learning, but often creating obscure and chaotic prose.
Observe good writers. Note how they handle authorities.
Be aware of current conventions or norms within the field. In
literary studies, for example, at one time it was fashionable
to use scores of footnotes and Latin abbreviations on every page.
Style Guides today favor very simple notes incorporated in parenthesis
within the text.
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