Think about TV ads. Analyze. Ask questions.

 

 

Consider these ideas for your own compositions.

TV Set   Computer and Quill Pen
WHAT PRESENTERS ARE USED?
WHAT AUTHORITIES DO YOU CITE?

Presenters, in the broadest sense, are the persons who deliver the messages in ads: actors, models, or announcers who do the voice-overs, people who give testimonials, celebrities who do endorsements, and even fictional and cartoon characters.

Advertisers do not expect audiences to make rational, or even conscious, decisions to run out and buy something because their heroes endorse it.

Endorsements are simply another use of the association technique, transferring emotional feelings by linking the product with someone we already like.

Two basic kinds of presenters are authority figures and friend figures.

Authority figures are those presenters we trust or like because they suggest the good aspects of the nurturing parent: the idealized protection, care, wisdom, and guidance of good old Mom and Dad -- expert, trustworthy, and on our side.

Friend figures are those presenters we trust or like because they suggest people we would like to be, or be with, or be liked by.

These friends we empathize with can range from "plain folks" (such as happy kids playing in toy ads; "cool" kids wearing the right clothes; "the guys" having fun in beer ads; suburban neighbors) to the idealized "beautiful people" of our wish-fulfillment dreams (success, elite status, luxury homes, elegant clothes, fancy cars, jet set).

Friendly fictional and cartoon characters are usually cute, likable or lovable, like a pet. (Snoopy, Ronald McDonald)

Sports heroes, fashion models, and movie stars all can get rented for being presenters.

TV newscasters and radio DJs are other presenters concerned with their image, with being well-liked, and with being our "favorites." When we tune in, their ratings (and profits and salaries) go up.

 

Persuasion is audience-centered and the presenters are always chosen with the audience in mind.

Exposition is usually topic-centered and the authorities cited are determined by the topic, often unknown to the audience.

Nevertheless, just as advertisers take care in selecting presenters in order to add favorable associations, so also, sometimes expository writers can benefit by their selection of the authorities they cite, refer to, or quote.

In exposition, it's not whether the audience already likes, but already knows and respects, the authority cited.

Thus, know who is already esteemed by your audience. For example, in a trade journal, professional journal, law or medical review, it would not be appropriate to cite popular magazines. (Don't quote the National Inquirer or Readers' Digest for your medical reports!)

Know also that, within any field, there's a pecking order, that some authorities and journals are more esteemed. (How do you know which ones? Keep asking people in the discipline or librarians.)

Name-dropping is as common in writing as it is in conversation, and some people do it better than others. In writing, avoid pedantic decorations (authorities cited, footnotes used, bibliographies padded) simply for display.

Don't overcite authorities. Don't try to impress a reader, or overwhelm an opponent, simply by gathering as many authorities as possible. For example, some amateurish religious tracts cite biblical "chapter and verse" for every other word, a display of pseudo-scholarship producing a surface illusion of learning, but often creating obscure and chaotic prose.

Observe good writers. Note how they handle authorities. Be aware of current conventions or norms within the field. In literary studies, for example, at one time it was fashionable to use scores of footnotes and Latin abbreviations on every page. Style Guides today favor very simple notes incorporated in parenthesis within the text.

 

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